April 1813 Stories


First Edition Published November 14, 2015
Second Edition Published October 29, 2016
Third Edition Published January 2, 2019
Copyright by Fred Blair

April 1, 1813

On the Niagara Frontier

            Captain William H. Merritt wrote in his journal that the ice went off the lake early in April and that some of the militia were called out and posts were set up along the lake from Niagara to Burlington.[1]

April 4, 1813

In York

            A Return for Captain Thomas Hamilton’s Company of the 3rd York Militia recorded:         
50 men fit for duty out of 84,
7 excused from duty by the garrison surgeon,
5 sick at home,
4 over sixty years old and exempt from service,
10 absent,
6 moved out of the regiment’s muster area,
6 employed in the King’s works,
and 1 on command.[2]

In Cornwall

            Captain Jacques Viger of the Lower Canada Voltiguers Canadiens later wrote his recollections of the summer of 1813 that was later translated into English.  He was present at the Sackett’s Harbour, the capture of Oswego, Chrystler’s Farm, Chateauguay, Four Corners, Lacolle, and other engagements.  In 1833, he was elected as the first Mayor of Montreal.
            The Voltigeurs were established in Quebec in May of 1812 and disbanded in 1815, after the war.
            On this day, Jacques arrived in the Town of Cornwall, which had earlier been known as New Johnstown, on his journey to Kingston.  He described the streets as wide and straight.  There was a church, court house, jail, and “neat” houses all built of wood.  There was a barracks and a small garrison.  The Cornwall College was closed but the children were learning to read and write in the school house.  Prospective building lots were fenced but three quarters were vacant.[3] 

            The Provincial Commissariat Voyageurs, also known as the Corps of Voyageurs, was created in Lower Canada to provide bateaux convoy service on the St. Lawrence River.  It was composed of over 400 experienced voyageurs, many of whom had worked for the North West Company.  When not on the river, the Voyageurs helped garrison the posts where they were attached.
            The original Corps of Canadian Voyageurs created by the North West Company was disbanded in March, 1813, and reorganized into the provincial unit.  In April, 1812, the Corps had 263 bateaux on the waters between Quebec and Saint Joseph Island.[4]

April 6, 1813

At Chrysler’s Farm

            Jacques Viger and the Voltigeurs arrived at Chrystler’s Farm where the officers slept in the farm house and their men slept in another building.  Jacques described Captain Chrystler as a recruiting captain, a landed proprietor, and owner of an establishment in the Township of Williamsburg.  Mrs. Chrystler treated them to fresh milk and vegetables and treated them well.
            Chrystler suppled Captain Vigers with a better carriage and a servant to drive him to “Cananocoui.”[5] 
            “Christler’s” farm was the location of the battle between the British and Americans on October 18, 1813.

April 7, 1813

            The Voltigeurs continued their journey towards Williamsburg.  In the evening they camped about two leagues west of Johnstown.  The cabin was “miserable” and the men were famished and could find no provisions.  Their hostess was unable to help them.[6]

April 8, 1813

In Johnstown and Prescott

            The Voltigeurs reached Johnstown in time for breakfast.  This town in Grenville County had once been called Oswegatchie and was the capital of the district.  It had a court house, jail, good lodging house, houses along the public highway, and a magazine.  It was at the foot of a section of rapids on the St. Lawrence River.  Captain Vigers wrote that they left the accompanying women, children, and heavy gear in the town so that the men could travel more rapidly to their destination.

            Three miles up river they came to Prescott which was build on a rocky prominence.  The buildings were not remarkable but it was the strongest military post that they had reached.  The left side of the village was shielded with interlaced branches and a quadrangle of earth-works surrounded by a moat was under construction.  It would later become known as Fort Wellington.  There were some batteries west of the town.  Across the river was the American town of Ogdensburgh which was also guarded by batteries.[7]

In Yonge Township

            Ephraim Reynolds of Yonge Township, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, made a war loss claim for providing 8 days of care provided to an ill foot soldier of the British 104th Regiment and for the soldier’s funeral expenses.[8]

April 9, 1813

In Brockville

            Early in the morning the Voltigeurs arrived in Brockville.  The town had been named Elizabethtown prior to General Brock’s promotion to President of Upper Canada.  Captain Vigers noted that the buildings were elegant and well built, some with brick, along the King’s highway, which was the only street.  The highway there was wide, long, and straight.  There was a court house on a public square.  The building was also used as a church, jail, and guardhouse.  Mr. Jones operated a sawmill with fourteen saws in Brockville.[9]

April 11, 1813

In Gananoque

            The roads above Brockville were “unpleasant” with long stretches of corduroy through the swamps and low lands.  The soil was rocky.  The bridges were solid and passed over creeks and wide rivers.  Having passed through a continuous forest for 34 miles beyond Brockville, the Voltigeurs, arrived at “Cananocoui,“ where there was a ridout manned by a few militiamen, a few houses, a large bridge, a waterfall, and another fourteen-saw sawmill.  After “Cananocoui” the forest trail continued 35 miles to Kingston.  At times the St. Lawrence River could be seen moving swiftly or raging with fury.  The shores were lined with lofty trees.

In Kingston

            The Voltigeurs later arrived in the Town of Kingston, which was built on rocky ground on a point of land.  Most of the houses were built of wood.  The roads were mostly at right-angles and were straight and wide.  The stone and wood two-storey barracks and store-houses were on the eastern side of the town.  The site of the town had originally been Fort Frontenac and a tower and triangular structure remained near the artillery barracks.  The remnants of an English earth-works also remained.  Two large wooden buildings near the center of the town were used as a military hospital.  There was also a central square, a wooden market building, a wooden Anglican church, a stone Catholic church, a two-storey stone hotel, and a two-storey stone court house.  The Catholic church was used as a public hospital.  The court house had a kitchen and jail on the main floor and a court room and library with over four hundred volumes on the second floor.
            The town was on a bay which formed a natural harbor for vessels.  To the west of the town were two points of land that were fortified with batteries that guarded the entrance to the bay.  Redoubts and other defences had also been built on the north side and other places about the town.  Off-shore on Cedar Island a signaling station had been built to maintain contact with Snake Island far out in the lake and stations towards “Cananocoui.”  The naval building yard and admiralty buildings were on Navy Bay.  Troops stationed there had comfortable quarters and a hulk moored in the bay served as a hospital.
            All supplies moving west passed through Kingston and it was the main deport for military stores and provisions.[10]

April 12, 1813

            Patrick Finan reported that Kingston was full of troops.  Merchant’s stores became barracks for the troops and the Roman Catholic Church was converted into a hospital.[11]

            Churches, schools, and other private and public buildings had been converted to military use throughout Upper Canada in 1812.

            The British 104th Foot arrived in Kingston after a march of almost 1,000 miles from New Brunswick.  Lieutenant John Le Couteur, after twice walking through the town, could not find a house or inn in which to sleep.  Having heard that a bed might be had for one or two nights, he knocked on the door of Mrs. Robison, a commodore’s widow, and found shelter there.[12]

In Marysburgh

            James Wright had an empty house in Marysburgh, near the landing.  When the 8th Regiment came ashore they took possession of the house as a barracks.  As the regiment marched away the following morning the building was seen to be on fire and burned to the ground.  The fire also destroyed a nursery of apple trees on the west side of the house.  The regiment had also done some damage to the barn and the total loss later prevented James from renting the farm.  It was noted that James provided a valuable service in transporting supplies between Kingston and York and also served as a captain in the Prince Edward Militia.[13]

            On February 26, 1815, James would lose a horse while transporting supplies from York to Kingston.

April 27, 1813

The Americans Capture the Town of York

            A Grand Council of the Mississauga Nation was being held just west of the town when the attack began.  The chiefs and their warriors gathered in the woods in order to prevent the Americans landing in small boats and were soon joined by the regular troops.[14] 
            The Americans out numbered the defenders and fired upon them with cannons from their ships.  The defenders were forced to retreat back towards Fort York.

            The Glengarry Fencibles had been dispatched to assist the warriors by Sheaffe but Eneas Shaw, Adjutant General of the Upper Canada Militia, countermanded his order and had the fencibles join his men.
            Lieutenant Colonel William Chewett of the 3rd York Militia had command of the militia units in the Village of York behind the main British force in the York Garrison.  They had not responded to Sheaffe’s orders to march to the garrison.[15]

            The militia surrendered and 241 were held overnight at the garrison in the block house and the following day were given paroles not to bear arms against the Americans.
            Believing that paroles would exempt them from militia duty, about 1400 men from the townships, who had not taken part in the battle, arrived in the village and requested paroles from the Americans.  Within 3 days most of the men in the Home District had obtained paroles.
            Captain Stephen Jarvis had also been captured and paroled.  He assisted the Americans in certifying the paroles and noted boys as young as 12 and men as old as 70 came in to surrender and accept paroles.[16]

            Captain Stephen Jarvis had just been commissioned as an assistant to Eneas Shaw on March 14, 1813.[17]

            P. Firnan of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment witnessed and wrote about the two explosions at the fort.  In one of the batteries, an artillery man, while waiting for the signal to fire, held his match behind is back, as procedures required, and inadvertently lit the powder in the travelling magazine that had been left open there.  Men were blown into the air.  The cannons having been dismounted, the battery was then left useless.  Firnan was at the gate of the garrison when the wounded were brought to the hospital.  Sometime after this, the British retreated to the garrison.
            The great magazine was under a battery near the garrison.  When the Americans had stopped their advance at the small battery, the magazine exploded.  The force of the explosion was directed down the valley towards the Americans, killing and wounding many of them.
            The American vessels then began firing upon the garrison and the women and children fled.[18]

            Outnumbered and unable to stop the American advance, General Sheaffe order the military to abandon the town and retreat to the east.  This began their long journey by road to Kingston.

            The 3rd York Militia officers, Lieutenant Colonel Chewett and Major William Allan, consulted with Captain John Beverly Robinson and John Strachan who agreed that they should immediately surrender to the Americans if they would protect private property.  Major Allan was taken prisoner before the surrender was accepted and was held overnight.[19]

            Among the officers of the 3rd York Militia who were captured by the Americans were 6 captains, 6 lieutenants, 9 ensigns, and Quartermaster Charles Baynes.[20]

            The women, who had made the banner for the 3rd York Militia the previous fall, took shelter with their children in the McGill home.  Donald McClean arrived with the banner concealed under his clothing.  The banner was wrapped in canvas and buried in the orchard behind the house until after the Americans had left.[21]

            On December 3, 1812, Thomas James Plunknett had been appointed Superintendent and Store Keeper of the Naval Department in York.  At that time, he was ordered to take the artificers hired in Quebec to the Town of York and to establish a naval dock yard there.  Upon arriving in Kingston, the workers refused to go further because they had been hired to work in that town, not York, and because they lacked the necessities for winter travel.  The Naval Department of Kingston was also facing a mutiny because their workers had not been paid for some time.  Thomas was forced to give that department 1000 pounds from the money that he was carrying for the York Naval Department.  His artificers were ordered to remain in Kingston where Thomas began construction on the frigate Wolfe.  On December 22nd, he was ordered first to remain in Kingston and then to proceed to York.

            As his artificers would not leave Kingston without their pay, Thomas supplied them with shoes, stockings, flannel shirts, and other supplies for the trip to York.  Upon arriving in York, he began the construction of a frigate with 36 guns.

            On April 27th, the Americans attacked and General Sheaffe began his retreat to Kingston.  He sent orders back to York for Thomas to burn the partially constructed frigate and the naval stores.  While setting the fires, several artificers were captured by the Americans.

            Thomas and his remaining workers began the journey back to Kingston.  After the war, he claimed for the loss of his position and his clothing and furniture left behind in York.[22]

            Henry Barkley of Trafalgar Township had been employed as an artificer on the dockyard.  He had been armed and placed under the command of John Dennis, another artificer, at the garrison in Fort York.  As Sheaffe began his retreat, Henry was captured by the Americans.[23]

            The widow Jane Marion was an inn keeper and baker in the town.[24]

            John Hunter was under orders to sleep in the House of Assembly.  From his possessions, the Americans stole 150 Quebec Army Bills, a trunk containing his clothing, his books on gardening, and his bed and blankets.[25]

            Joseph Nadeaux, a cooper, had arrived in the area in March after his journey from Lower Canada.  He was forced to leave a case of his clothing in Haldimand.  In April, Captain Jarvis of the Incorporated Militia brought the case to York by boat.  Unfortunately, the errant case was captured there by the Americans.[26]



            Patrick Strange, the Assisstant Barracks Master at Fort York, made a war loss claim for his property taken by the Americans after the garrison was abandoned.  He claimed for the loss of all his wearing apparel, a silver watch, a gold seal and key, his wife’s miniatures set in gold frames, a dozen silver spoons, a silver sugar tongs, two breast pins, beaver, sable, and otter skins, 2 guns, a powder horn, a shot pouch, 150 army bills, 18 pieces of gold, and some United States bills.  His claim was rejected because he was a British officer who was entitled to remuneration for lost baggage through the military but not through the Upper Canadian war loss commissions.  He had been a sergeant in the Glengarry Light Infantry.[27]

            Edward MacMahon was another resident of the village who had his possessions plundered.  His lost wearing apparel and personal items included 6 superfine inside coats, a sur coat, a great coat, 6 pair of pantaloons, 4 pair of cassimere breeches, silk, Marseilles, and cassinett vests, 7 pair of Nankeen trousers, 2 pair of Nankeen breeches, 7 pair of gaiters, 3 pair of black cassimere gaiters, a dozen pair of fine cotton stockings, 18 pair of half stockings, a dozen pair of woolen stockings, 30 fine linen shirts trimmed with linen cambric, 32 muslin neck handkerchiefs, a dozen silk pocket handkerchiefs, 9 napkins, one fine hat, 3 pair of buckskin gloves, 3 pair of boots, 3 pair of shoes, a complete shaving kit, and a silver watch, all to the value of 95 pounds.
            Other items included a mahogany portable desk, a Moroccan leather portfolio and cask, a feather bed and bedstead, a pair of blankets, 2 pair of sheets and pillow cases, a counterpane, and 3 trunks.
            One of the trunks contained his collection of books, which included elegantly bound editions of 8 volumes of Pope’s works, 16 volumes of Herne’s, and 4 of Adventurer, 4 calf bound volumes of Wharton’s Virgil in Latin and English, 5 volumes of British Theatre, 3 of Addison’s works, 3 of Garrick’s, 8 of Spectator, 8 of Hume’s History of England, 4 of Minor Encyclopedia, 2 of Young’s Travels in France and Spain, 2 of Eccentric Biography, Bruce’s Travels abridged, Swift’s Life by Sheridan, Harris’ Mateira Medica, Espreille’s Letters, Anderson’s Embessy to China, 14 other volumes, and assorted magazines, reviews, and pamphlets.  He valued his books at just over 164 pounds.[28]

            Who was Edward MacMahon?  At the time that Edward was captured during the attack, he was serving as a lieutenant in the 3rd York Militia.  By May 15, 1814, he was attached to the President’s Office.[29]

            On July 12, 1813, Thomas Dickson of Queenston replied to Edward concerning the number of meat cattle in the Niagara District.  Thomas was one of the commissioners charged with disposing of local property left behind by men who had deserted to the enemy.  Edward was addressed as the Civil Secretary.[30]

            The Americans had demanded the that the provincial treasury, held at York, be handed over to them.  The residents decided to hand over the paper money but hide the gold.  The gold was sealed in a keg, put on a cart, and buried under a pile of vegetables.  William Roe, at sixteen years of age, was employed as a clerk in the Receiver General’s office in York at about this time.  He was disguised as an old lady returning home from the town market with her cart and headed out of town on the Kingston road.  The American guards allowed him to pass and the gold was delivered to the Robinson farm where it was buried.[31]
            Private William Roe was captured by the Americans on the 27th while serving in Captain Cameron’s Company of the 3rd York Militia.  He was probably quickly paroled prior to moving the gold.  From September 25 to October 3, 1813, he served in Captain Thomas Hamilton’s Company in the same regiment.  The 3rd York was recruited from the area the townships surrounding the Town of York.  It was interesting that he was employed in the town but did not apparently live in it.[32]

Upper Canadian Casualties

Sergeant John Bassell, 3rd York Militia
Richard Berry
Lieutenant John Detlor, 3rd York Militia
Private Donald MacLean/McLean, 3rd York Militia
Private Daniel Murray, 3rd York Militia
Private Matthias Sanders/Saunders, 1st York Militia

            John Bassell suffered a concussion from the magazine explosion and died later in the summer as a result of his injuries and illness.  As the medical staff had retreated with the British, he was placed in charge of the hospital.  Before settling in Upper Canada in 1802, he had served with the British army.[33]
            Richard Berry was an artificer employed in in the dockyard at York and was killed when the magazine exploded.  His widow was refused a pension because they were only available for militiamen.[34]
            John Detlor had had one of his legs shattered and amputated.  He died shortly after the surgery.  He left a widow and children.[35]
            Donald McLean left orphaned children.[36]  He was a justice of the peace and clerk of the House of Assembly at York.[37]
            Daniel Murray died of wounds and left a widow and three children.[38]
            Matthias Sanders had the charge of a gun at the dockyard.  He was struck in the leg by a stone from the magazine explosion and had it shattered.  He died after it was amputated.  He left a widow and six children.[39]

            West of Fort Meigs, Michigan

            General Procter arrived with a British detachment of regulars, militia, and indigenous warriors. 
           
April 28, 1813

In York

            York officially surrendered to the Americans as the terms of capitulation were signed but looting continued.[40]

            Within three days of the American invasion, among the officers of the 3rd York Militia, Adjutant George Duggan was captured by the Americans and Captains John Denison and John Playter, Lieutenants John Endicott and John Scarlett, and Ensign Thomas Denison were forced to surrender themselves.[41]

            Some residents in the area took advantage of the American invasion for their personal gain.  Some assisted the enemy and received government stores for their services. 
            John Lyons, a distiller of Vaughan Township, was one of these men.  He received an ox cart, two pair of wheels, iron, and a bathing machine all in exchange for hauling flour.  Once the Americans left in May, William Allan and the magistrates repossessed the stolen government property.  When the Americans returned to York in the summer, John Lyons took possession of the same set of items and challenged anyone to try and take them back.[42]

            As Sheaffe’s forces fled east to Kingston, they sometimes found the roadway congested by men heading west to York to receive paroles from the Americans.[43]

            On May 15, 1814, officers of the 3rd York Militia reported on men who had gone to the town to receive paroles from the Americans or to receive plundered supplies from them.  On June 23, 1814, Lieutenant Colonel Chewett was ordered to punish these men.


Near York

            Ely Playter had been with the militia at one of the gates into Fort York when the magazine had blown and had seen stones falling as thick as hail and the larger ones sinking into the earth upon impact.  He only saw the Americans for a brief moment as they fired upon his party as they were retreating.  By the 29th, he was home packing up his things in preparation for going into hiding from the Americans.  From a distance, he watched the Americans break open the door of his house and carry many things away.
            The following day Ely complained about the break-in of his house to the
American General Dearborne and obtained a parole so he could return home.  He observed that the garrison had been shattered and rent by cannon balls and the magazine explosion.  Some buildings were torn to pieces and many showed some marks of the battle.[44]

            About this date, General Sheaffe’s army was passing through Whitby on their long retreat from York to Kingston.  As they had left York hastily, they had not had time to gather supplies for the journey or to collect all of their gear.
            Jabez Lynde’s inn in the Town of Whitby was raided by members of the retreating force.  Among the supplies taken were

300 pounds of pork worth 15 pounds,
7 smoked hams worth 2 pounds and 10 shillings,
60 pounds of cheese worth 3 pounds and 15 shillings,
a canister of tea worth 1 pound and 10 shillings,
a set of knives and forks worth 15 shillings,
4 shirts worth 2 pounds and 10 shillings,
a pair of pantaloons worth 1 pound, 7 shillings, and 6 pence,
a vest worth 7 pounds and 6 shillings,
a hat worth 7 shillings and 6 pence,
2 handkerchiefs worth 10 shillings,
a new great coat worth 6 pounds and 5 shillings,
and a blanket worth 1 pound. 

Items taken for their monetary value were some cash,
a silver watch worth 7 pounds and 10 shillings,
6 silver tea spoons worth 2 pounds,
a pair of silver tongs worth 12 pounds and 6 shillings,
and a gold necklace worth 2 pounds.

            As it was an inn, Jabez also had on hand 18 gallons of rum valued at 4 pounds and 10 shillings a gallon.  Two doctors travelling with the army had asked him to hold it for the wounded soldiers.  Before they could pick it up, the inn was raided by soldiers of the 8th Regiment, who took the rum and other items by force.[45]

In Kingston

            Captain Vigers of the Voltigeurs was sleeping in the guard house in Kingston while serving as the officer on duty.  An alarm was sounded.  One of his men picked up someone else’s musket by mistake.  He was unaware that it had a ball loaded in it.  He was “tightening on the flint” when the musket discharged and the ball struck another Voltigeur named Laframboise in the back.  He died a few hours later.  There was another accidental discharge in the adjoining barrack room.  This alarm was unfounded.  There was another alarm on May 1st.[46]

April 30, 1813

In York

            A church was plundered and the parliament buildings were set afire by American soldiers.  This was the first instance of burning as a means hindering the British military and would lead to retaliation.[47]

            Ely Playter had encouraged Mrs. Chapman, a cook at the fort, to flee as the Americans advanced upon it.  He was able to recover some of the possessions she had saved for him in the garrison.[48]
            Who was Mrs. Chapman?

In Ancaster Township

            In Ancaster Township, Benjamin Smith continued delivering wheat to Hatt’s and got a barrel of whiskey there and did the same at Muma’s.  Thrashing and cleaning wheat and cutting and hauling wood continued.  He got a cow from Z. Gordon.  He began to thrash and clean his buckwheat and hulled more corn.  He took iron to Hornings and two days later picked it up and took it to Ned Smith’s.  On the 24th Benjamin had a head ache and fever and the following day broke out with measles.[49] 
            Who were Muma, Z. Gordon, and Ned Smith?

Sources


[1] Capt. Wm. H. Merritt, of the Provincial Light Dragoons, Journal of Events, Principally on the Detroit and Niagara Frontiers, during the War of 1812, The Historical Society, B.N.A., St. Catharines, C.W., 1863, page 25.
[2] Collections Canada, War of 1812:  Upper Canada Returns, Nominal Rolls and Paylists, Microfilm t-10384, page 274.
[3] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company, Kingston, 1895, pages 1 & 2.
[4] Yesterday in History, Forces of Lord Selkirk, Facebook Group, Apr. 9, 2018.
[5] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company, Kingston, 1895, page 3.
[6] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company, Kingston, 1895, page 3.
[7] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company, Kingston, 1895, pages 3-4.
[8] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1136, page 855.
[9] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company, Kingston, 1895, pages 4-5.
[11] Donald E. Graves, Merry Hearts Make Light Days, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 104th Foot, Carleton University Press, Ottawa, 1994, page 119.
[12] Donald E. Graves, Merry Hearts Make Light Days, The War of 1812 Journal of Lieutenant John Le Couteur, 104th Foot, Carleton University Press, Ottawa, 1994, pages 109-111.
[13] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1129, pages 390-409.
[14] Dorothy Duncan, Hoping for the Best, Preparing for the Worst, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, page 175.
[15] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and Paroles:  A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, page 77.
[16] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and Paroles:  A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, pages 79-81.
[17] Irving L. Homfray, Honorary Librarian, Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the War of 1812-1815, Canadian Military Institute, Welland Tribune Print, 1908, page 31.
[18] Dorothy Duncan, Hoping for the Best, Preparing for the Worst, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 175-178.
[19] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and Paroles:  A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, page 78.
[20] Collections Canada, War of 1812:  Upper Canada Returns, Nominal Rolls and Paylists, Microfilm t-10383, pages 1142-1144.
[21] Dorothy Duncan, Hoping for the Best, Preparing for the Worst, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 178-179.
[22] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1126, pages 814-822.
[23] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1134, pages 379-384.
[24] Dianne Graves, In the Midst of Alarms:  The Untold Story of Women and the War of 1812, Robin Brass Studio Inc., 2007, page 117.
[25] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1126, pages 619-621.
[26] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1126, pages 767-768.
[27] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1127, pages 258-267.
[28] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1138, pages 381-389.
[29] Collections Canada, War of 1812:  Upper Canada Returns, Nominal Rolls and Paylists, Microfilm t-10383, pages 1142-1144.
[30] Brig.-General E.A. Cruikshank, Records of Niagara, A Collection of Contemporary Letters and Documents, January to July, 1813, Niagara Historical Society, 1939.
[31] Robert Terence, Newmarket: The Heart of York Region, 1994, pages 16-19.
[32] Collections Canada, War of 1812:  Upper Canada Returns, Nominal Rolls and Paylists, Microfilm t-10383, page 1148 and t-10384, pages 644-646 & 697-699.
[33] Janice Nickerson, York’s Sacrifice, Militia Casualties of the War of 1812, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 31-33.
[34] Janice Nickerson, York’s Sacrifice, Militia Casualties of the War of 1812, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, page 36.
[35] Janice Nickerson, York’s Sacrifice, Militia Casualties of the War of 1812, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 45-48.
[36] The Report of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada, with an appendix and a list of subscribers and benefactors, William Gray, Montreal, 1817, accessed on Dec. 14, 2018 at https://dr.library.brocku.ca/handle/10464/4754, page 43.
[37] Janice Nickerson, York’s Sacrifice, Militia Casualties of the War of 1812, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 87-92.
[38] Janice Nickerson, York’s Sacrifice, Militia Casualties of the War of 1812, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 106-109.
[39] Janice Nickerson, York’s Sacrifice, Militia Casualties of the War of 1812, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, pages 111-116.
[40] The Fife and Drum, The Newsletter of The Friends of Fort York and Garrison Common, Volume 17, Number 1, March, 2013, page 5.
[41] Collections Canada, War of 1812:  Upper Canada Returns, Nominal Rolls and Paylists, Microfilm t-10383, pages 1138-1139.
[42] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and Paroles:  A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, page 148.
[43] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and Paroles:  A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, page 153.
[44] Ely Playter’s Diary, April 27-30, 1813, https://twitter.com/ElyPlayter1812, accessed June 7, 2015.
[45] Collections Canada, War of 1812, Board of Claims and Losses, Microfilm t-1143, pages 1165-1167.
[46] Jacques Viger, Reminiscences of the War of 1812-14, translated by F.L. Hubert Neilson, M.D., News Printing Company, Kingston, 1895, page 11.
[47] George Sheppard, Plunder, Profit, and Paroles:  A Social History of the War of 1812 in Upper Canada, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, page 102.
[48] Dorothy Duncan, Hoping for the Best, Preparing for the Worst, Dundurn, Toronto, 2012, page 178.
[49] Benjamin Smith’s Diary, Benjamin Smith Fonds F582, Ontario Archives, Toronto, Ontario.

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